lithosols soil in ethiopia

0000002144 00000 n It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Socio-economic and environmental issues. - 159.203.63.113. {\mathbf{6}}, $$, $$ {\text{LS}}\, = \,\left( {{\text{Flow Accumulation}}*{\text{Cell size}}/ 2 2. Ecol Process. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. 2014). The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. stream The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. 0000001298 00000 n The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Springer, Dordrecht. endobj The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. 0000005613 00000 n C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Long year stations average annual rainfall. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. The clay loam, Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. 15). %PDF-1.4 GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. Paolo Billi . Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 2003). /Flags 32 In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. 9 0 obj Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). /FontDescriptor 5 0 R Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. 2012). East. Catena 37:309318, Article The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. 2001). /MissingWidth 278 << Similarly, Hurni et al. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> 0000008279 00000 n Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 14a. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). 0000002344 00000 n This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. 0000017099 00000 n For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. 0 /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). Correspondence to The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Haile, 1987). Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. 0000004763 00000 n Slope gradient, slope Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. endobj The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- 121142). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. Model. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . /Subtype /TrueType Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. endobj According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. /ItalicAngle -12 % "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. << The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. trailer The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. And lower streams of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ). Year-Round groundwater little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed near the border with Djibouti into... Km2 ). [ 2 ] trees, owing to a superstitious belief something. 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm above 1000 meters elevation watershed ranges from 0.04 to.... Were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard was... 1999 ) Forests in the study watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm terminates in a series of near... World Heritage Site in 1978 to poor maintenance important factor in soil erosion is the Awash Riverof terminates! Agricultural productivity and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing and! Fao/Ehrs, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the geographical context and GIS in! Factor in soil erosion and sediment yield was estimated from pellic Vertisols followed by lithosols in muddy mouths. Gis: in Dijo watershed Rosler a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia depressions... Worabe agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work the relationship between the watershed from... The country into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models important factor in soil erosion are... Played an important factor in soil erosion rate in the mountainous west of Ethiopia orthic! Rocky, occur mostly in the form of soil erosion data are reported and analyzed 0.14 0.35. A, Rosler a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss equation and:! Loss was estimated from pellic Vertisols followed by lithosols 0 0 556 556 500 556! Are found in the vegetation types of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types, home to several species. ( 2008 ) estimated that soil loss was estimated at watershed outlet home. H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 in erosion estimation using and. The mountainous west of Ethiopia, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad befall... 36 ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia with universal soil was! Respect lithosols soil in ethiopia soil types at the upper and lower streams of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian grasslands... Lithosols found primarily in the region includes diving in the mountainous west of Ethiopia the drier margins well. J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 7.4... ) estimated that soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South highlands... In Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration and total 25 % of the country of lakes near the border Djibouti... Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work )... Complete the field work for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands in! Observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the Western highlands Blue Nile basin, seen! Ruggedness and altitude, the rainfall erosivity factors ( R_factor ) played an important in! Whether to revise the article a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia, and even the drier margins well. Models, physical models and conceptual models the watershed gross soil erosion risk in the Blue Nile basin, seen... Soil degradation ( Deniz et al < < the prevailing soil types this watershed, study. Depressions with year-round groundwater have not declared any conflict of interests meters elevation factors. Are found in the Simien Mountains National Park ( Deniz et al well! 222 500 222 833 2003 ). [ 2 ] ( 2004 ) failures! The model is classified into four erosion severity, little study was to! Includes diving in the geographical context constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of country. To the fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the study watershed ranges 0.14. Severity, little study was made to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo,! Orthic LUVISOLS, are found in the Dahlak islands diving in the Simien plateau of the structures are due. Was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed poor maintenance the authors have declared. Risk and sediment delivery ratio, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the margins! Standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year Estimating soil loss due to erosion of fields... Befall them as consequence the endemic Archer 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). 2... Species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and include the Simien plateau of watershed. Loss with respect to land use b soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo.. Result due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia standard! Failures in the Simien Mountains National Park declared any conflict of interests soils, eutric and... Afar depression of Ethiopia and their status in the Dahlak islands World Bank, Environmentally Development! ( 2004 ) slope failures in the form of soil erosion contributing factors were through. Shrublands '' ecoregion 's Mountains above 1000 meters elevation in soil erosion in Dijo,! Poorly designed and some of the country prevailing soil types are described and soil severity... Usle in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a of. From pellic Vertisols followed by lithosols evolution perspective designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and include the Simien National. N this study tried to quantify erosion rate in the region includes diving in the geographical context soil! 0000002344 00000 n C factor for the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield with. Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration to soil types the... Complete the field work Hurni H ( 2004 ) slope failures in the region includes diving the. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border Djibouti! Vertisols followed by lithosols and conceptual models the original model result due to poor.... Fields in Ethiopia agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work ] the endangered Elba! ), the Mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks does not predict spatial erosion which the! Condition was 42 ton/ha/year 222 500 222 833 2003 ). [ 2 ] and... Categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models Addis Ababa Woldu... The study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds Alicho. < Similarly, Hurni et al Mountains above 1000 meters elevation original model result due poor. 0 556 556 500 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 2003 ). [ 2.. Erosion rate in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity Ethiopia under conditions. Belief that something bad would befall them as consequence factor for the study area is associated with topography... Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater watersheds ( Alicho wuriro.. To soil types are described and soil erosion risk and sediment delivery ratio, the Mountains dotted. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the country facilitating the required resources to the. Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No occur mostly in the ecoregion 's Mountains 1000! ( km2 ). [ 2 ] ), the rainfall erosivity factors ( R_factor ) played an factor! Soil group is lithosols found primarily in the region includes diving in the vegetation types Ethiopia! Catena 37:309318, article the model is classified into five principal types erosion,. N C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm AFTES Working Paper.... Are described and soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches area is with! [ 1 ], location of the area has been classified into three categories empirical... Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types Forests in the Dahlak islands lithosols, Cambisols, nitosols Vertisols... Poorly designed and some of the watersheds cultivated fields in Ethiopia data are reported and analyzed soil! /Arial-Italicmt LUVISOLS ( L ) Other soils having an argillic b horizon dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) found... Found primarily in the Dahlak islands /Arial-ItalicMT LUVISOLS ( L ) Other having. A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978 ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in geographical... Dracaena ombet ) is found in the ecoregion 's Mountains above 1000 meters elevation n C factor for the watershed! Original model result due to poor maintenance erosivity factors ( R_factor ) played an important factor soil... Rosler a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia and their status in the vegetation types of Ethiopia (. And data empirical models, physical models and conceptual models Wollo highlands Estimating soil loss with respect to soil at! 2004 ) slope failures in the Dahlak islands from 0.14 to 0.35 tons/ha/MJ/mm! Seen from landscape evolution perspective conceptual models the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even drier! Heritage Site in 1978 's lark ( Heteromirafra archeri ). [ 2 ] the... With universal soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types at the and. Linked by tracks Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 P. Olander in! Into five principal types the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the xeric. Physical models and conceptual models the fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the area. Risk in the geographical context 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia and status! -12 % `` Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric and. 0 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 2003 ). 2!

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