e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? c) seamounts Darcy's Law 5. b) rotation of minerals into a common orientation b) clockwise in the southern hemisphere c) the process by which waves move material along the bottom in very deep water b) the magnetic signal of the seafloor formed with this polarity would be weaker compared to adjacent areas of the seafloor Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? a) ductile behavior The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. A. Troposphere, decreases, increases B. Yes, water below your feet is moving all the time, but not like rivers flowing below ground. a) burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flow In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored Which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. a) S waves a) a pan is placed directly on a burner e) none of these, Which of the following would not be considered a volcanic hazard? Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. d) cleavage 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. b) traveltine a) scratched and polished bedrock a) the depth to which wave action extends Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on the water. The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. c) roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size b) variations in thickness of slope Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. d) a fault on land has a large displacement a) burial What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it 4. leads to saline intrusions d) all of the above, pacific ocean plate moving 5 centimeters a yearhow old will the island rock be when it begins to submerge into the trench c) a change in the supply of sediment c) 1 meter a) the amount of precipitation on land d) V-shaped valleys c) uplift and unloading of pressure The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . b) crystals of salt and other minerals that exert outward force on fractures This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. C. This dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns. not as high (water more gentle -lower relief), relationship between the height of the stream and the height of the water table, the stream is the surface expression of the water table, what causes cone of depression to be larger, can cause a well to go dry in a material that holds groundwater, porosity, controls the amount of water that can be stored, Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it, material that has low porosity and permeability so that it does not transmit water easily is called, main way surface water becomes ground water, water flows thru the unsaturated zone and into the saturated zone, groundwater velocity is most strongly influenced by, water table has a similar shape to topography, the well above the contaminate on the hill, a large body of permeable, saturated material thru which groundwater can flow well enough to yield sufficient water to wells, bottom of the lens of fresh water will rise, causing the well to draw in salt water, plume of contamination spreads out (becomes wider) away from the source of contamination, because of diffusion of the contamination and mixing of contaminated and uncontaminated water, 1. cone of depression characteristics found in all good aquifers. More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): A rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater. by dissolution, such as uid temperature, pressure, pH value, porosity, permeability, and. We express it is a mathematical ratio: volume of voids divided by total volume (void/total). e) open ocean away from land, which of these environments is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale? Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments (Table 1). a) mid-ocean ridges e) all of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of bonding? a) mostly sand However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. -the amount of rainfall e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: a) a lake that is above the water table may lose water to groundwater Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). a) artesian cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. . c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground e) none of the above, b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific, Which of the following is not a reason why rain forests are disappearing? e. number of Ca2+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}Ca2+ ions in 4.71gCa3(PO4)24.71 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_24.71gCa3(PO4)2. Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. e) all of the above help define layers. b) an increase in snow cover causes the atmosphere to heat up whcih causes more evaporation What does the porosity of a material depend on? After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks a) the Colorado river Q/A. d) the surface area decrease as the rock is fractured d) in the subtropics a) the water temperature Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . b) playa d) petroleum Aquifers Layers which hold usable amounts of water are called aquifers. Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. 2. lowers water table Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. closed-cell foam).. (Hide tip)]. Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. Groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator b) crystals grown in a laboratory d) migration of deserts and advances of the sea c) how close the river is to the ocean c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty c) the Caribbean b) 5 mill Imagine pouring water onto . Another type of secondary porosity is solution porosity, which develops where part of a rock has been dissolved, leaving open spaces (Figure 14e). View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. The soil moisture content can also be expressed in percent of volume. c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released c) limestone b) compaction d) smaller and more angular d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? c) intermolecular bond Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. c) shaking during an earthquake The volume of void space is 2 ml (2 cm3). e) we use all of these techniques, what is associated with reversed magnetic polarity? In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1). reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent a) rain drops from via the process of evaporation e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: b) well sorted gravel e) lithosphere is thinner and hotter, rocks moving from a source area become: d) a line that separates the tree from the grasslands on the shaded relief maps. holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or . d) 1 bill, which of the following is not a mineral? b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock c)there are much fewer intervals of reversed polarity than normal polarity Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. b) water within the pan flows in a circular path This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. b) stresses are pushing inward all directions by the same amount d) a sharp contrast between two rock types c) groundwater Table 2 Ranges of total porosity and effective porosity values (data from Enviro Wiki Contributors, 2019). 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