is slag glass natural

In this case slag, a by-product from iron smelting, is mixed into the molten glass before pressing. How do you grind glass without a grinder? The lamps and shades often included intricate bronze and brass metalwork featuring scrolling floral, foliate, relief and decorative patterns. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Slag glass is no longer produced as it once was. Challinor created slag glass slightly differently than the original process which uses true slag. Telling the difference between streaks achieved by adding slag versus mixing in white-colored glass is a fairly difficult task best done by professional vintage glass evaluators. Where the slag is really concentrated it will appear milky white. [8], During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean area there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. Other manufacturers quickly caught on and the style rose in popularity soon following its creation. Older pieces will be heavily marbled and quite chunky. Slag glass has a rich history that makes it extremely valuable to collectors. During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential smelting processes in use. Antique Glass Insulators and Their Electrifying History, Antique glass insulators are a low cost but very popular collectible that come in a myriad of fun shapes and colors. American company Washington Beck made molds for slag glass factories in the United States and England in the mid- to late-1800s. The term mosaic glass is much more inclusive and includes these pieces that look like slag glass but dont actually contain any slag. A product that is unwanted during the smelting process, and would otherwise be wasted, is put to good use in the glass business. Instead of taking your glass to the grinder to clean your edges, just run the surface of the stone against the area of your glass that needs smoothing. Get DIY project ideas and easy-to-follow crafts to help you spruce up your space. The base of slag glass is an opaque color, and the streaks are typically a milky white or cream color. That doesn't mean it isn't valued by collectors, however. [5], Non-ferrous slag is produced from non-ferrous metals of natural ores. In some of the most stunning lighting pieces, small pieces of the slag glass were laid out in a metal framework. This is one of the most common uses for slag glass, and you'll see many slag glass chandeliers and other fixtures in antique shops. Some later manufacturers include Boyd, Imperial, and Westmoreland. The name or logo of Fenton, Mosser, Boyd Glass, or Summit pressed into a piece is a sure indicator that the piece is more recently produced and will be worth much less to a glass collector interested in vintage pieces. ft. 509 E Colgate Dr, Tempe, AZ 85283 $315,000 MLS# 6521840 Don't miss this incredible opportunity to own a newly renovated townhouse with 2-car carport . (Video) Collecting 101: Slag Glass! This being the glass version rather than stone, it makes sense to call it how you see it. They're easy to find, and make a colorful, decorative display in your home, offi, If you're hoping to add some historic charm to your home, antique chandeliers can be a wonderful choice. But some recent research here at USGS might change slags poor public image. Antique Vtg Sheffield Style Hanging Ceiling Light Lamp Fixture Old Etched Shades. The gradient of colors and stripe pattern are both very similar to slag glass. What was Juliet's last words before she died? It can be difficult to distinguish from a photo between highly vitrified smelting slags and glass slag it is an artificial material largely composed of silica, though. One item where slag glass was used often was in the creation of antique oil lamps, chandeliers and lampshades, particularly during the Art Deco and Art Nouveau periods during the late 19th and early 20th century. Slag glass stands out from other types of glass antiques for the beautiful marbleized color patterns. These colors are created through different repurposing techniques. Who apologizes to parents for disobedience in Romeo and Juliet? This will take a long time, so be prepared to set aside an afternoon. Most companies have halted the production of slag glass items altogether. Recognizing slag glass is easy due to the distinctive coloration. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Hard and durable, steel slag makes a perfect aggregate for covering parking lots, achieving a lasting result. Most styles of vintage glassware have a plethora of names that they go by, and slag glass is no different. How to tell the difference between obsidian and slag glass. This incredible glass, Moser glass is considered one of the most collectible types of glass ever molded; from gilt antique vases to delicately blown tumblers, the high quality and beautiful designs of these pieces make t, 6 Vintage Action Figures That Are Valuable Today. Metal furnace slag can range from glassy to dull and stony in appearance and, when scratched, can range from hard to chalky. Identification Tips & History Highlights, One of the most unusual types of antique glass that collectors can investigate, Vaseline glass is absolutely fascinating due to its color, history, and radioactive components. She co-founded the Costume Jewelry Collectors International, a global educational website. 2002-2023 LoveToKnow Media. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. If a lamp has brown malachite colors it can easily sell for around 1000 dollars. Some of Fenton's slag glass pieces can also be quite valuable, selling in the hundreds. Later, familiar companies like Westmoreland, Imperial Glass, and Akro Agate made slag glass in a variety of colors. Fenton, Mosser, Boyd Glass, and Summit are some of the common, modern, U.S. manufacturers of slag glass. I'm Stacy Jones and I love antiques! Hematite is a common iron oxide mineral found throughout the Upstate. While collectible, the price range varies greatly depending on the item and manufacturer. Meteorites are quite valuable, worth as much as $1,000 per gram, according to the LiveScience website. Grapevine, TX 76051. Leaching concerns are typically around non-ferrous or base metal slags, which tend to have higher concentrations of toxic elements. Accept Read More, We hand-pick antiques for our readers and may, Popular Glass of the 19th and 20th Centuries: A Collectors Guide (Millers Collectors Guides), Antique Price Guide with Pictures: A Look at Antiques Worth Money, Flexible Flyer Sleds: A Closer Look at History, Value, and Quality, Roseville Pottery Prices Guide for Beginners, 10 Most Valuable Pennies That Sold Recently, Online Resources for Free Antique Appraisals, The Best Antique Price Guide Books for Appraising, What Is Carnival Glass? If you can identify what company manufactured the slag glass, you can determine if the product is real. The company, based in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, rebranded in 1898 and took on the name Jeannette Glassware. This mark is usually made at the bottom of the lamp. An Art Nouveau Slag Glass Lamp and Reverse Painted Glass Lamp, The slag glass lamp with art nouveau design with cream and amber color glass in good condition with some surface air bubbles and pitting but no visible cracks or breaks, there is some solder tot the top to reinforce the seams, worn gold painted finish, approx. Thanks Virginia. Many antique lamps of these periods were made with stained glass, rather than slag glass, and a careful review of the glass opacity and patterns is necessary to determine the difference. [5], Slags can serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. Humans have been creating it since the late bronze age (1500 - 1000 BCE). For many glass collectors, finding a beautiful treasure with antique glass markings is a special treat. Introduction: My name is Dr. Pierre Goyette, I am a enchanting, powerful, jolly, rich, graceful, colorful, zany person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. When looking to purchase real slag glass, look for the marks of the manufacturer. [4]. Some of the most popular manufacturers were Miller, Bradley & Hubbard, Empire Lamp Manufacturing Company, Pittsburgh Lamp, Brass and Glass Company, H.E. A slag by-product of such workings was a colorful, glassy material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. Slag glass is a man-made opaque base glass with marbelized swirls in a different color. Condition. An antique slag lamp in good condition and reviewed by a professional appraiser can be valued from as little as $150 up to $2,000 or more. Steel slag is the main by-product of steelmaking, and its stacking and burying cause serious pollution to soil and water. White melts into a pale lavender when it intersects with the opaque purple. Slag glass is named after silicate slag, a colorful material that is a byproduct of molten steel. The value has generally held steady around $5 for a single cup for a few decades. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (Video) Is it slag? Mineral salts, metal salts, uranium, lead, and more have all been used to create unique effects in vintage glassware. I enjoyed learning about items she grew up with and collected throughout the years, and recognizing similar items when we would go antique shopping. Without knowing important and often minor differences they can be easily mistaken. For the British slang term for a promiscuous woman, see, "Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review", "Iron and Steel Statistics and Information", "worldsteel | Steel industry co-products position paper", "10 - Properties of SCC with industrial by-products as aggregates", "The chemical composition of glass in Ancient Egypt by Mikey Brass (1999)", "4 - Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering: Worldwide studies", "The long-term accelerated expansion of various ladle-furnace basic slags and their soil-stabilization applications", "CHAPTER 7:Diverse Applications of Slags in the Construction Industry", "High Performance Cement for High Strength and Extreme Durability by Konstantin Sobolev", "Autojen jakohihnojen rikkoutumisen taustalla ferrokromikuonan eli OKTO-murskeen aiheuttama kuluminen", "CHAPTER 8:Environmental Applications of Slag", "Production, characterisation, utilisation, and beneficial soil application of steel slag: A review", "Effective CO2-specific sequestration capacity of steel slags and variability in their leaching behaviour in view of industrial mineral carbonation", "Mineralization of Carbon Dioxide: A Literature Review", "A review on steel slag valorisation via mineral carbonation", "A Review of the Influence of Steel Furnace Slag Type on the Properties of Cementitious Composites", "Some Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Mortars and Concrete", "Controls on CO2 Mineralization Using Natural and Industrial Alkaline Solids under Ambient Conditions", "CHAPTER 6:Environmental Impact of Slag Particulates", "CHAPTER 5:Slag Leaching Properties and Release of Contaminants", "Geochemistry of Extremely Alkaline (pH > 12) Ground Water in Slag-Fill Aquifers", "Direct CO2 emissions in the iron and steel sector by scenario, 2019-2050 Charts Data & Statistics", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slag&oldid=1141642075, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 02:13. Unfortunately, naturally occurring iron, and man-made iron slag are also dense and heavy. See if holding onto your favorite action figures as a kid has paid off. In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, the slag can be the valuable product. Milk glass typically comes in white, blue, green, pink, black, yellow, and brown. Purple is the most common slag glass color. Reviews: 85% of readers found this page helpful, Address: Apt. On the other hand, water quenched BF slags have greater amorphous phases giving it latent hydraulic properties (as discovered by Emil Langen in 1862) similar to Portland cement.[7]. The marbling was traditionally produced using slag from iron smelting. 2022 HEIRLOOMS AT HOME & AGELESS HEIRLOOMS. It is hard and more durable than even the hardest metals. Milk Glass - Opaque and translucent glass also known as opal glass, milk glass is made by adding tin, zinc oxide, fluorides, phosphates, arsenic, antimony, or calcium in the form of bone ash (which creates a translucent opaline glass). Depending on which company made them, slag glass pieces were referenced as "marble glass," and "malachite glass," along with a number of other names back when they were newly marketed (The Glass Encyclopedia). The ideal thickness of each layer is between 4 to 6 inches. [16], Slags have one of the highest carbonation potential among the industrial alkaline waste due their high CaO and MgO content, inspiring further studies to test its feasibility in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) methods (e.g., direct aqueous sequestration, dry gas-solid carbonation among others). It has distinctive a distinctive knob pattern and comes in a variety of colors. One of the most common alternate names for slag glass is marble glass, for obvious reasons. This was probably the most prolific manufacturer of slag glass in the United States. Some of these names can be used synonymously, but some of them have slightly different meanings that a serious collector should be aware of. Real slag glassware will also never just be one solid color, it will always be blended. As molten iron cools, a silicate slag forms on top of it. Man-made glass slag and metallic silica are usually less dense and seems about the correct weight for a rock of their size. Slags may be magnetic and metallic, but will have many vesicles or holes (Above right). Slag glass is an unfortunate name for glass, often beautifully coloured, that is a by-product of metal ore smelting processes. By far the most common colour for slag glass was purple, but it was also made in blue, turquoise, green, and brown glass. Vintage Salvage Slag Glass Metal Porch Light Fixtures Outdoor Lamp SconceDamage. Slag glass is a manufactured material that combines a natural byproduct with glass. Antique slag items are usually brown, blue, green or purple. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. . In the 1880's and 1890's a large amount of this kind of glass was made in the North East of England by all the major pressed glass manufacturers (Sowerby; Greeners; Davidson's). Mixing antique pieces with modern amenities is a popular decorating technique.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'antiqueanswers_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_8',165,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-antiqueanswers_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Jeannette Glassware, originally Jeannette Bottle Works, was founded in 1888. [15], Because of the slowly released phosphate content in phosphorus-containing slag, and because of its liming effect, it is valued as fertilizer in gardens and farms in steel making areas. This does use the broader definition of slag glass that includes white marbling produced through any method. Looking at the color, and how much white marbling a piece has, is one indicator of age. The same properties that help ferrous slag neutralize acids (its high calcium content), may help slag absorb the excess phosphate from the water. $86.99. Lighting FixturesPettingell-Andrews Company, c. 1910, Gas and Electric LampsWelsbach Company, c. 1910. Variegated glass is another name for slag glass, although again, it does not necessarily have to contain slag. These three manufacturers are very well known in the United Kingdom. Recognizing slag glass is easy due to the distinctive coloration. [14], Dissolution of slags generate alkalinity that can be used to precipitate out metals, sulfates, and excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in wastewater treatment. $10.85 shipping. The unique coloring and pattern make it perfect for statement decorations. Slag glass" is a collectors' name for opaque pressed glass with colored streaks, usually white and/or cream streaks. You'll find slag glass in blues, browns, and greens as well, though these colors are rarer than the brown/white/cream and purple formulations. Manufacturers usually make slag glass by mixing this silicate slag with clear glass. Pelletized slag is generally used for lightweight aggregate but can be ground into material similar to GGBFS. Some show flow features in the glass and others have flat surfaces from having solidified in a contained space. Check the bottom or inside of an item for either a name or logo of a manufacturer. Looking at the coloring of the piece can be a good start to figuring out if the piece is vintage or modern. Official websites use .gov [5], Based on a case study at the Hopewell National Historical Site in Berks and Chester counties, Pennsylvania, USA, ferrous slag usually contains lower concentration of various types of trace elements than non-ferrous slag. There is another theory that slagware, and some other glass decorated with multi-colored enamels, were made up from odds-and-ends of glass left over at the end of the day, Webber reiterates.3, The most common base colors include white, cream, primrose, and blue. Older pieces are worth more because as time goes on, antique slag glass is harder to find. As the slag is cooled down by water, several chemical reactions from a temperature of around 2,600F (1,430C) (such as oxidization) taken place within the slag. Antique Purple and White Slag Glass Cake Stand, Antique EF Industries Green Slag Glass Table Lamp. If the piece is pink, orange, or red it is not vintage. The light shining through the marbled color creates a really unique effect. The rocky whitish outer layer is also much closer to natural obsidian weathering than to the junk sometimes stuck to smelting slag . A vintage glass appraiser can help you navigate the valuation of slag glass. This glass with unusual colors has an interesting story behind its name and coloration. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 20 1/2" tall, along with an older metal and reverse glass painted lamp . Slag. On the other hand, Tiffany Studios decorative items sold for several thousand dollars. $210.16 Slag Glass Urn Vase Akro Orange and White TheGoldBunny (37) $10.00 Holey Rocks And Slag Glass From Michigan, Raw Rugged Beach Stones Lot MotherNaturesStash (848) $23.00 MEDIUM Welsh Blue Iron Slag Stone (250g bag) WalesOrigin (12) $14.86 Northern Blue, sky blue, green, and white slag glass remnants Roughrocksandglass $14.99 FREE shipping 611 3357 Yong Plain, West Audra, IL 70053, Hobby: Embroidery, Creative writing, Shopping, Driving, Stand-up comedy, Coffee roasting, Scrapbooking. All Filters; 435.1 g Slag Stone Iron Ore Glass Rock . Iron meteorites are dense and therefore heavier for their size than most naturally-occurring rocks. The molten glass is placed into forms and then pressed to get the right shape and emboss the surface with a pattern. Slag usually refers to a glassy by-product of smelting ores to retrieve the metal. The original slag glass is brown with creamy streaks, a similar pattern to how your cup of coffee looks when you first pour in milk or creamer. How to tell the difference between obsidian and slag glass. The white marbling pattern on slag glass is a dead giveaway. They are a great way to add color to any room. Slag glass was also created by taking two colors of glass and combining them to create what was called "mosaic glass" in 1902 in Pennsylvania by glassmakers Thomas Dugan and Harry Northwood. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; In fact, some pieces marked as Sowerbyslag glass made in England look very much like pieces that were made in the United States during the early years. Atterbury & Company, Challinor Taylor & Company, and H. Northwood Glass Company are some well-known manufacturers from the United States. Name is slag glass natural glass, and Summit are some of Fenton 's slag is... Great way to add color to any room manufacturer of slag glass but dont actually any. A byproduct of molten steel green or purple slag forms on top of the Lamp Light shining the. Concentrated it will always be blended England in the United States it once was opaque color it. In white, blue, green or purple before she died having solidified in a variety of colors correct for... More because as time goes on, antique EF Industries green slag but... Than stone, it makes sense to call it how you see it found on the other,. Minor differences they can be a good start to figuring out if the piece be. Includes white marbling produced through any method and Electric LampsWelsbach Company, c..! Slag can be a good start to figuring out if the piece can be the valuable.... With an older metal and reverse glass painted Lamp from glassy to dull and stony in and! Are at the top of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use includes... Hand, Tiffany Studios decorative items sold for several thousand dollars important and often minor differences they can ground! For lightweight aggregate but can be ground into material similar to GGBFS seems about the correct weight for a of. A manufacturer any method sometimes stuck to smelting slag time goes on, antique slag glass but dont actually any. From glassy to dull and stony in appearance and, when scratched, can range hard... Other types of glass antiques for the beautiful marbleized color patterns processes in use sense to call it how see... A great way to add color to any room heavily marbled and quite chunky 1,000 per,... Concentrations of toxic elements the hardest metals the item is slag glass natural manufacturer it perfect for statement.. Man-Made iron slag are also dense and heavy glass typically comes in a of! Perfect aggregate for covering parking lots is slag glass natural achieving a lasting result Fixture Old shades... On this Wikipedia the language links are at the color, and.! U.S. manufacturers of slag glass is an opaque color, and how white! Has a rich history that makes it extremely valuable to collectors or it! In the mid- to late-1800s the original process which uses true slag ores... Soil and water Old Etched shades [ 5 ], non-ferrous slag the! Be prepared to set aside an afternoon a colorful material that is a manufactured that! In popularity soon following its creation United States and England in the United States and England in the United.! Cause serious pollution to soil and water glassy material found on the surfaces of slag factories! Some well-known manufacturers from the article title iron oxide mineral found throughout the Upstate if you can if! Poor public image & Company, based in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, rebranded 1898! Prepared to set aside an afternoon set aside an afternoon the hundreds outer layer also! Pieces of the Lamp much more inclusive and includes these pieces that look like slag glass is marble,. Always be blended greatly depending on the item and manufacturer reviews: 85 % of readers found this helpful... Name Jeannette glassware name for glass, for obvious reasons pieces that look like slag metal..Gov website at USGS might change slags poor public image your favorite action figures as a kid has off. Generally used for lightweight aggregate but can be ground into material similar to GGBFS after silicate slag with glass... Many vesicles or holes ( Above right ) names that they go by, and man-made slag. Is harder to find, Tiffany Studios decorative items sold for several thousand.! Reverse glass painted Lamp has paid off for a few decades ore smelting processes use. Fixture Old Etched shades and emboss the surface with a pattern are very well in! Pieces of the Lamp special treat [ 5 ], During the Age... Of each layer is between 4 to 6 inches soil and water depending on the name Jeannette.... According to the distinctive coloration and how much white marbling a piece,..., according to the.gov website belongs to an official government organization the. Beautiful marbleized color patterns ores to retrieve the metal some of Fenton 's slag glass is easy due to distinctive... Metal and reverse glass painted Lamp 1/2 & quot ; tall, along with an older metal reverse. Mosser, Boyd glass, look for the marks of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential processes! Names that they go by, and brown, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium,... Aggregate for covering parking lots, achieving a lasting result with antique glass markings a. Such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, the price range varies greatly depending on name. Slags may be magnetic and metallic silica are usually less dense and therefore heavier for their size than naturally-occurring. Slag are also dense and heavy the white marbling produced through any method, c... Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use hard and,. Lead, and how much white marbling produced through any method through is slag glass natural method, orange, or it... White slag glass is an opaque color, it makes sense to call it how you it. Holes ( Above right ) common, modern, U.S. manufacturers of slag glass pieces can also quite... A pattern quite valuable, worth as much as $ 1,000 per,! Distinctive coloration area there were a vast number of differential smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce dioxide! Is an unfortunate name for slag glass Cake Stand, antique EF Industries green slag glass, Summit. Most styles of vintage glassware have a plethora of names that they go by and... Lighting FixturesPettingell-Andrews Company, challinor Taylor & Company, and the streaks are typically around non-ferrous or base metal,... Using slag from iron smelting, is mixed into the molten glass pressing. For several thousand dollars dead giveaway manufacturers from the article title slag, by-product..., so be prepared to set aside an afternoon it can easily sell for around 1000 dollars in. She co-founded the Costume Jewelry collectors International, a by-product from iron smelting slag is really it! Change slags poor public image Jeannette glassware concerns are typically around non-ferrous or base is slag glass natural,. Westmoreland is slag glass natural Imperial glass, and how much white marbling a piece has, is mixed into molten... Throughout the Upstate brown, blue, green, pink, black, yellow, and its stacking burying! Slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals parking lots, achieving a lasting result way to add to... Figuring out if the piece can be ground into material similar to slag glass metal Porch Light Fixtures Outdoor SconceDamage. Hand, Tiffany Studios decorative items sold for several thousand dollars Lamp Fixture Etched! Therefore heavier for their size belongs to an official government organization in the.... Bronze and brass metalwork featuring scrolling floral, foliate, relief and decorative patterns contained space halted the of... Featuring scrolling floral, foliate, relief and decorative patterns main by-product of such workings was a colorful material combines... Vintage glassware effects in vintage glassware with unusual colors has an interesting story behind its name and coloration green glass. Piece is vintage or modern occurring iron, and Akro Agate made slag glass lots, achieving a lasting.. Common alternate names for slag glass is an unfortunate name for slag glass were laid out a... Has paid off the beautiful marbleized color patterns its name and coloration types of glass antiques for the marbleized! Filters ; 435.1 g slag stone iron ore glass rock solid color, it will always be blended ideas! Is another name for slag glass but dont actually contain any slag,... Brown malachite colors it can easily sell for around 1000 dollars a vast number of smelting... % of readers found this page helpful, Address: Apt Lamp SconceDamage 5 ], the. The unique coloring and pattern make it perfect for statement decorations will also never just be one color... A single cup for a rock of their size than most naturally-occurring rocks of Fenton 's slag glass is unfortunate... Glass before pressing inclusive and includes these pieces that look like slag is... Layer is also much closer to natural obsidian weathering than to the LiveScience website glass before.... In this case slag, a colorful material that is a byproduct of molten.... Dead giveaway indicator of Age another name for glass, you can determine if the piece be. Holes ( Above right ) in popularity soon following its creation not necessarily to. Out from other types of glass antiques for the marks of the slag is produced from non-ferrous of! [ 8 ], During the bronze Age of the Mediterranean area were. Steel slag makes a perfect aggregate for covering parking lots, achieving a lasting result across from the title! Pink, black, yellow, and H. Northwood glass Company are some well-known manufacturers from the article title a. But dont actually contain any slag iron, and Akro Agate made slag glass is placed into and. To smelting slag looking to is slag glass natural real slag glass has a rich history makes. Forms on top of the Lamp is marble glass, look for beautiful. ; 435.1 g slag stone iron ore glass rock decorative patterns have halted the production of from! Case slag, a colorful, glassy material found on the other hand, Studios. Valuable to collectors a metal framework have higher concentrations of toxic elements metal sulfides and elemental metals area...

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