Steel slag is a by-product of steel making and is produced when the molten steel is separated from impurities in the furnaces. At the end of the refining operation, the liquid steel is tapped (poured) into a ladle while the steel slag is retained in the vessel and subsequently tapped into a separate slag pot. Senani et al. 2 . Date:1/1/2023, Publication:Materials Journal The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. Annually, 21 million tons of steel slag (SS) is produced in the United States. Steel slag can normally be obtained from slag processors who collect the slag from steel-making facilities. The correlation between IB3 and shows that the foaming index decreases (slightly) as the basicity index increases (Figure 5). Steel slag aggregate (SSA) is a byproduct of the production of steel in an electric arc furnace. Phone: +971.4.516.3208 & 3209, ACI Resource Center The type of carbonaceous material added affects the foaming practice. Brand and Roesler studied different basic steel slags: energy optimizing furnace (EOF), electric arc furnace (EAF), and arc oxygen decarbonization (AOD), as aggregates in concretes [23]. Steelmaking slag added into ladle slags makes it possible to minimize slag line wear. (5). Farmington Hills, MI (1): where is the viscosity in poise; T is the absolute temperature in K; and A and B are the parameters that depend on slag chemical composition (A is expressed in poise K1 and B in K), Eq. Abstract. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. Slags with the chemical and physical properties mentioned are applied in BOF slag coating practice in the industry with good results increasing the lifespan of the lining and protecting the bottom of the converter. BSSF Advantages. As such, it can be used in various textures and patterns to simulate stones, bricks, tiles, and wood. Slag fluidity and the physics and chemistry of the refractory-slag interaction are relevant to the design of these coating slags. Slags recycling in cement production, road buildup, or other applications (that involve soil contact) are subjected to important environmental requirements. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The latter option mentioned is complex because of the unstable method used for making ingots. Professional engineers provide solutions and technical drawings. Slag processors may handle a variety of materials such as steel slag, ladle slag, pit slag, and used refractory material to recover steel metallics. Some of the most important disadvantages of the use of alkali activators in the manufacture of AASc and AASm are the relatively poor workability, uncontrolled rapid setting and high drying shrinkage. * Hardness of dolomite measured on same scale is 3 to 4. The slag that is gained on the iron ore is then detached and cooled down gradually, which results in the creation ofnonreactive crystalline substantial. On the contrary, at low-cooling rate, a crystalline structure with a considerable hardness is produced. Epub 2011 Nov 16. Informational Resources on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON SLAG IN CONCRETE. Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1994. Another possibility is the use of steel slag as a binder or filler replacement in composite materials in civil engineering production. They have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent). The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. In this chapter, techniques for the treatment and recycling of metallurgical slags are described. This study confirms that the additions of blast furnace slags (04mm of size) in concrete (up to 2025%) result in good compressive strength (30MPa after 28days) for the grades of concretes tested. In agreement with BOF foaming practice, the rate of gas generation was found to be an important parameter in carbon-slag interactions and needs to be optimized to maintain optimum levels/duration of gas entrapment by the slag and foaming behavior. Surface tension consists in a physical property that depends principally on the surface and not on the bulk. ACI World Headquarters However, nowadays three main types of ladle slag recycle products are used depending on the particle size and chemical composition: (a) desulfurizing agent in hot metal pretreatment, (b) as a product to substitute converter flux, and (c) as a product to substitute ladle flux. - Air-cooled blast-furnace slagThe material resulting from solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmospheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be accelerated by application of water to the solidified surface. 8600 Rockville Pike Average critical temperatures range for Bf (before foaming) slags are between 1345 and 1380C. Finally, the corrosion of the steel rebars in the reinforced EAF slag concrete, after a year in the tidal seawater environment, showed greater susceptibility to corrosion than in the limestone reference concrete. 2018 The Author(s). Second Floor, Office #207 Our product have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. was characterized by different experimental tests. This result is consistent with the %Ash experimentally determined. Thus, HAs were extracted from the prepared composts and the humification parameters were determined, in terms of elemental compositions, acidic functional group contents, molecular weights, spectroscopic parameters from UV-vis absorption and 13C NMR spectra. Slag viscosity and surface tension control the movement of bubbles in the liquid. Slag viscosity values obtained at 1600C through both the methods are detailed in Table 1. After being tapped from the furnace, the molten steel is transferred in a ladle for further refining to remove additional impurities still contained within the steel. - Granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS)The glassy granular material formed when molten blast-furnace slag is rapidly chilled, as by immersion in water. Furthermore, the sample consisted of the following contaminants, sand, rock, wood, plastic, salt, water, and an unknown metal. Detail of one particle with considerable white ash veins. This makes it susceptible to corrosion. The solid phases include 2.66 g of MgO and 0.44 g of Fe (bcc). 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SEWashington, DC 20590 In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. Unable to treat steel slag that does not flow. The most commonly used alkaline activators are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium water glass, and potassium water glass. These results indicate a dynamic evolution of the slag chemical composition during the practice. Slag with low FeO and high MgO is desirable. In this study, Eq. Virtually all steel slags fall within these chemical ranges but not all steel slags are suitable as aggregates. This is attributed to both the low price and availability in various forms, that is, granules, flakes, or. These binder or filler substitutes were mixed into composites, and their compressive strength was tested with good results. Two different diameters (DB) of bubbles were considered in the calculus: 0.015 m and 0.005 m. The results obtained are also detailed in Table 3. To increase. The former method of recycling ladle slag is pouring the molten slag from a ladle to another or making ladle slag ingot [3]. National Library of Medicine A slag sample with FeO18, MgO11, CaO43, Al2O31.6, and SiO217%wt. Physicochemical properties of slag and molten metal directly affect the surface and interfacial properties in refining process of molten metal [2]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1. These factors induce the development of mathematical models and thermodynamic simulation applications to predict the viscosity of a system as a function of slag chemistry [5, 6, 7, 8]. Characterization of humic-like acids produced from humic precursors. There are many grades of steel that can be produced, and the properties of the steel slag can change significantly with each grade. Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA, the American Concrete Institute is a leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to pursuing the best use of concrete. Consequently, an alternative is the application of theoretical models to estimate the viscosity and surface tension, as a function of temperature, on the basis of slag chemical compositions [13, 14]. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Bubble sizes in EAF slags are 12 mm. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. This chapter deals with the measurement and modeling of thermochemical properties of slags, thermophysical properties, and interproperty correlations. This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). When it came to separating the contaminants, the wood and plastic were taken out through the use of tweezers, while the rocks were separated by decanting the mixture of sand and rocks from the water. These steel refining processes give rise to another type of slag, called "Ladle Furnace Slag" (or "LFS"), in a range of approximately 30-80 kg per tonne of refined steel. On the basis of the information obtained, it is possible to conclude that slags with 18% FeO at 1600C present the adequate quantity and chemical composition of liquid phase (L1), promoting optimum viscosity and contact angle values that favor the adherence of slag on MgO-C bricks on the bottom of the converter. 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Next comes the refining process. Slags used for this purpose need to be optimized and characterized [4]. Phone: 1.248.848.3800, Home > Topics in Concrete > topicdetail, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.- ACI Concrete Terminology, Publication:Materials Journal When sodium bicarbonate dissolves in water it splits apart into sodium and bicarbonate ions. Upon exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide, calcite (CaCO3) is precipitated in the form of surficial tufa and powdery sediment in surface water. High viscosity is perhaps the most obvious factor in the stabilization of BOF-converter foams, and it retards the rate of drainage in the films of the bubbles. Contrary, at low-cooling rate, a crystalline structure with a considerable Hardness is.. A by-product of steel in an electric arc furnace treatment and recycling of metallurgical are! Road buildup, or the foaming practice melting behavior was determined by x-ray.! 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