Their old friendship was past; the kings new advisors were anti-Catholic and pro-Protestant, most notably among them was Thomas Cromwell. He needed to convince the Spanish he was secure in his kingdom. But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. She was executed in 1541, the act of attainder rendering a trial unnecessary. Perhaps the contrast with the quiet, gentle Jane was too striking. Ironically, it was his own honesty and probity which ensured his continued service to Henry. The honor was tremendous; notably, More was the first layman to hold the office. It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. After Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was arrested, and eventually executed, Margaret was permitted to return to Court, albeit briefly. The queen had suffered a series of miscarriages throughout their marriage; their only surviving child was the Princess Mary. It is at this moment that we must step back and consider the England in which More now lived. The sons of Edward IV, 11 and 13 years old, had been held in the Tower by their uncle Richard III, and last been seen by Londoners in the summer of 1483. Investigating An Anemometer. Two written eyewitness reports survived her execution: one by Marillac, the French ambassador, and the other by Chapuys, ambassador to the Holy Roman Emperor. This was partly due to Mores intellectual prominence; he was perhaps the most famous Englishman on the continent, with a wide and varied correspondence. He was first appointed a Privy Councilor and accompanied Wolsey to an important diplomatic mission to Europe. Biography of Anne Neville, Wife and Queen of Richard III of England, Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England, Biography of Margaret of Anjou, Henry VI's Queen, Famous Mothers in History: Ancient Through Modern, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School, Father: George, Duke of Clarence, brother of king Edward IV and of Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III), Note: Cecily Neville, Margarets paternal grandmother, was a paternal aunt of Margarets maternal grandfather, Richard Neville. The hands are the standard-issue long-fingered type; a black ribbon, added later, may conceal damage to the paint. But that was years in the future. Later in life, he bitterly resented her abandonment of him. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. She served later as a governess to Mary. There is an apocryphal story that Morton predicted his bright and lively page would grow into a marvelous man. The two men had first met in 1497 and remained close friends until Mores death. Ursula married into the powerful Stafford family; of Margarets sons, only Reginald did not marry; by the age of seven he was given utterly to God. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. Two days later, a four-count indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. When Catherine of Aragon gave birth to a daughter, Mary, Margaret Pole was asked to be one of the godmothers. * Thomas Stafford (1531-4 May 1557) who was captured and executed for High Treason in Scarborough. Margaret was born into the England of the Wars of the Roses and was the daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, one of Edward IV 's younger brothers and was of the House of York. In an effort to force their co-operation, Henry separated his wife and child, and Margaret who was Marys godmother offered to serve the young girl at her own expense. Because of this, she becomes an unprovoked target for the King's anger. European rulers keen to destabilise England had promoted the claims of this plausible, glamorous young man, but by the summer of 1498 he was in the Tower, about to embark on the last act of his mysterious life. In fact she was 67. Margaret Pole was restored to a position as lady-in-waiting, which helped her financial situation. Likewise, Henry became understandably angry at the papacys refusal to repudiate Charles. Apainting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. As Englands premier intellectual, Mores opinion mattered. Richard III sent the children to Sheriff Hutton Castle in Yorkshire. Its influence upon William Shakespeares Richard III is immense. Margaret would have been too young to remember her mother, and it is likely that she was brought up within her fathers princely household, then after his execution lived with her cousins, the many daughters of Edward IV. For a time, she and her younger brother were in the care of their maternal aunt, Anne Neville, who was married to their paternal uncle, Richard of Gloucester. Henry and his ministers suspected Reginald of plotting to marry the kings daughter Mary, and unite her claim with his. Henry VII paid for Richard's funeral. The bridegroom Arthur was dead within months. When Arthur died in 1502, the Poles lost that position. The relationship between the King and Margaret wavered a bit in 1518 when Henry repossessed some of her Salisbury lands saying they belonged to the duchy of Somerset. During her time in prison, Cromwell himself was executed. The following poem was found carved on the wall of her cell: For traitors on the block should die; It was the king who had paid for Reginalds education at Oxford and later in Italy, where his noble connections gave him the entre into the smartest humanist circles. He never explicitly courted controversy, but he felt compelled to answer the reformers such as William Tyndale. The threat seemed even greater by 1538, when the two great powers, France and the emperor, signed a peace treaty which left them free to turn their attention to the pariah nation. Gregory had been corresponding with Reginald; the investigation of Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter (Henry VIII's first cousin and Geoffrey's second cousin), had turned up his name. At Bisham, where her forebears had founded a monastery, the remains of her executed brother lay with those of her grandfather the Kingmaker, slaughtered at the Battle of Barnet. Answer (1 of 6): Anne Boleyn's death would have been instant and painless - to the extent that we can guess, anyway. International Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. But he knew what was coming. The countess was to look after the little girls health and diet, ensure that she did not wear herself out in learning French and Latin, and see that her immediate environment was kept spotless, so that everything about her be pure, sweet, clean and wholesome, as to so great a princess doth appertain. He was no fool; he noted Wolseys great and increasingly ostentatious wealth. Sir Thomas de la Pole was born circa 1378. Margaret's own favour at Court varied. A Yorkist pretender had been crowned in Dublin, a child who claimed to be the Plantagenet heir, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Margarets 12-year-old brother. But eventually the break between the king and his chief minister could not be ignored. And he was well-connected enough to later secure his sons appointment as household page to John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England. If he had trusted her once, he no longer did so. When Henry gave the nod for the execution to take place, no one was give. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, was born at Farley Castle, near Bath, on 14th August, in or about the year 1473. He waited five days before being summoned to the scaffold on Tower Hill. The Tower's professional executioner was away, so a young novice was given the job. He was sentenced to a traitors death to be drawn, hanged, and quartered but the king changed it to beheading. When Margaret was only four years old, her father was killed in the Tower of London where he was imprisoned for rebelling again against his brother, Edward IV; rumor was that he was drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. Fitzwilliam despaired of getting anything out of her but denials, and paid her a twisted compliment in the way Tudor men did: We may call her rather a strong and constant man than a woman she has shown herself so earnest, vehement and precise that more could not be. When he told her that her goods had been seized, she must have known it was the beginning of the end, and seemeth thereat to be somew[hat] appalled, but neither then nor at any later point did she profess anything but loyalty to Henry and regret at her familys folly. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Henry accepted Mores resignation. He had once served under Wolsey and knew More well. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. Sir Thomas having continued a Prisoner in the Tower somewhere more than a Twelvemonth, for he was committed about the middle of April 1534, and was brought to his Trial on the 7th of May, 1535. he went into the Court leaning on his Staff, because he was much weakened by his Imprisonment, but appeared with a cheerful and composed Countenance. And so he was. But three years into his reign, the young Henry VIII restored her to the greater part of her revenues and gave her back a family title, creating her Countess of Salisbury in her own right. It should be noted that Mores affinity for the monastic life never left him, despite his later marriages, family, and career. Both men were enthusiastic Humanist scholars, but they parted ways with regard to the kings prerogative. But Reginald stayed in Italy through the reign of Anne Boleyn supposedly preparing a learned statement on the kings case. This is Aalto. The remnants of the Plantagenets had no difficulty in breeding, while the Tudors were less lucky. Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. His spirits were high when visited by family and friends, though they were only permitted to see him if they took the Oath which he had refused. Her son Reginald described himself afterwards as son of a martyr and in 1886, Pope Leo XIII had Margaret Pole beatified as a martyr. And why such an obvious and clumsy admission? First I went on the Internet to find some ways of measuring wind speed. She certainly didn't bow to any pressure later in her life to give up her son. Whether the countess was up to this is hard to say, but later the Imperial ambassador was to declare that Mary regarded her as a second mother. And as his own reputation grew in London, he attracted the notice of the all-powerful Cardinal Wolsey. The charge was treason. His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of . In 1540, Cromwell fell from favour and was attainted and executed. She was a patron of the New Learning, like many Renaissance noblewomen; Gentian Hervet had translated Erasmus' de immensa misericordia Dei (The Great Mercy of God) into English for her. In 1487, an imposter, Lambert Simmel, pretended to be her brother Edward, and was used to try to gather a rebellion against Henry VII. Six months later, Cromwell produced a tunic marked with the wounds of Christ, claiming it had been found in that search, and used that to arrest Margaret, though most doubt that. Afterwards, More's head was displayed on a pike at London Bridge for a month. Was the family sincere in deploring his disloyalty? She was a decade and a half younger than he was, and he never seems to have felt anything more than a brotherly affection for her. This More was fully prepared to do. This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. Higginbotham is more comfortable with biography, but this has not deterred her publisher from dressing up her new book like a historical novel of the type she doesnt much like, with a moody wash of colour and a woman with trailing skirts and half a head. [18][19][20][21][22] Margaret was buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. In May 1539 Henry, Margaret, Exeter and others were attainted, as Margaret's father had been. It was also due to Henrys deep and unfeigned friendship with More. The veteran plotter Gertrude Courtenay was treated with clemency; unlike Margaret, she was not a free agent but a married woman subject to her husband, and not a claimant to the throne in her own right. The nun sought out eminent supporters, especially those who, like Margaret and like Gertrudes husband, had a claim to the throne, and pressed on them the contents of her visions: unless he went back to his wife and to Rome, Henry would expire in torments. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots. It was granted, and the wealthy widow became stepmother to his four children, and More stepfather to her daughter and son. Erasmus mourned his friend and wrote that Mores soul was more pure than snow and his genius was such that England never had and never again will have its like. More was beatified by the Catholic Church in 1886, and canonized by Pius XI in 1935. [13], In 1537, Reginald (still not ordained) was made a Cardinal. He had an illegitimate son, called Henry Fitzroy, by one of his early mistresses. She was attended by servants and received an extensive grant of clothing in March 1541. Afterwards, he made a botched suicide attempt. Margaret may have been deprived of her dynastic importance, but her marriage was honourable and stable, and she retained her status, if not her familys great titles and wealth. His name was on the attainder and he was brought before the Privy Council in February 1534. Quite the opposite. Birth City: London, England. On 18 February 1478, aged 28, George, Duke of Clarence, brother to the King of England, was executed. As part of the investigations into the so-called Exeter Conspiracy, Geoffrey Pole was arrested in August 1538. A Professional theme for architects, construction and interior designers But for now he was out of Henrys reach, leaving his family as hostages. Only when Fitzwilliam called Reginald a whoreson did she object, saying with a wonderful sorrowful countenance that he was no whoreson, for she was both a good woman and true. When Reginald, lying abroad, heard of her death, he announced to his secretary that he was now the son of a martyr. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. But Reginald Pole refused to do so, leaving for Europe in 1532. Margaret Pole. It is only in posteritys schoolroom view that Bosworth was the end of the Middle Ages or the end of anything; the noble families didnt think their wars were over, and indeed they were not, because in 1487 the new king was defending his throne at the Battle of Stoke. In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. It was a housekeeping matter, the French ambassador said; Henry, now with his fifth wife, Katherine Howard, wanted to make a progress north, and to empty the Tower before he set off, either by acts of mercy or the condemnation of detainees. And his old friend, the duke of Norfolk, took care to warn him of his danger, Indignatio principis mors est. To which More famously replied, Is that all, my lord? In this first biography of a significant female figure in the male-dominated world of British Tudor politics, Hazel Pierce reconsiders the life and martyrdom of Catholic duchess Margaret Pole against the changing social and political landscape of her times. Under interrogation, Geoffrey said that his eldest brother, Lord Montagu, and the Marquess had been parties to his correspondence with Reginald. How to Be Tudor: Can a King Have Friends. ThoughtCo. As the heir to the throne, Mary enjoyed a separate household, and in 1525 she was sent to Ludlow to hold court. He was knighted in 1521, became speaker of the House of Commons in 1523, and earned the title of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. She was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1886 as a martyr.Occupation:Lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, manager of her estates as Countess of Salisbury.Dates:August 14, 1473 May 27, 1541Also known as: Margaret of York, Margaret Plantagenet, Margaret de la Pole, Countess of Salisbury, Margaret Pole the Blessed. Mores brilliance of mind and curious, kindly character gained him many friends and admirers. The boy, born in 1519, was welcome proof to Henry that he could father a son and that his lack of an heir was entirely Katharines fault. Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. Katheryn Howard was fortunate. To that end, he spent the next three years in study and prayer, wearing a hair shirt next to his skin (a practice he never abandoned), and struggling to reconcile his genuine religious fervor with the demands of the outside world. But in the meantime, More had eighteen months of seclusion and study at his home in Chelsea. That was clear to Cromwell almost from the first, and perhaps to More, too. Margaret Pole, as she was now styled, was held in the Tower of London for two-and-a-half years. Margaret was perhaps guilty only by association, but at this distance it is impossible to tell. Henry married Margarets cousin, Elizabeth of York, and imprisoned Margarets brother as a potential threat to his kingship. There have been rumors of an alleged relationship with Lady Margaret (see the White Queen series, for example). Joan, wife of Roger Swillington. Her second son, Arthur Pole, had a generally successful career as a courtier, becoming one of the six Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. You see, we speak of being anchored to our principles. Margaret Pole, N B tc ca Salisbury (ting Anh: Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury; 14 thng 8 nm 1473 - 27 thng 5 nm 1541), l mt nh i qu tc Anh quc.B l con gi ca George Plantagenet, Cng tc x Clarence, em trai ca Quc vng Edward IV v anh trai ca Richard III.Margaret l mt trong s t nhng ngi ph . . Margarets daughter Ursula would have 13 children, and three of her four sons would marry heiresses and have large families. She built herself a castle at Warblington, close to the sea on the Hampshire-Sussex border. [23] Her remains were later uncovered when the chapel was renovated in 1876.[24][25]. But Margaret Pole, one of the great magnates of Tudor England, is not overlooked. 83 ratings9 reviews. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. Gaily agreeing that the chief female virtues are meekness and self-effacement, they managed estates, signed off accounts, bought wardships and brokered marriage settlements, all the while keeping up a steady output of needlework. But his older brother perished and the younger brother was crowned at 18 years old, and quickly wed his brothers widow. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/margaret-pole-tudor-matriarch-and-martyr-3530618. Her mother, the great heiress Isabel Neville, died in 1476 after giving birth to her fourth child; this last baby, like Isabels first child, did not live. Did she, as the regime alleged, burn the evidence that incriminated her? Geoffrey appealed to Thomas Cromwell, who had him arrested and interrogated. He did not struggle with the reduction in means, and busied himself with planning a tomb for himself and his wives , as well as defending his faith in various pamphlets. Her son Arthur joined them, dying young, probably in the sweating sickness epidemic of 1528. Both Sir Thomas More and Margaret Pole were devout Catholics, dedicated to their faith and their country. Of the many executions ordered by Henry VIII, surely the most horrifying was that of sixty-seven-year-old Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, hacked to pieces on the scaffold by a blundering headsman. Margaret is the main character of Samantha Wilcoxson's 2016 novel, Dwyer, J.G. And he was a father who insisted his three daughters have the same education as his son. Edward was then brought out and displayed briefly to the public. In May 1515, More was sent to Bruges as part of a delegation arranged by Wolsey to revise an Anglo-Flemish commercial treaty. Their destruction came with a wave of arrests in the autumn of 1538. She was now one of the richest people in England. After Henry VIII and then his son Edward VI had died, and Mary I was queen, with the intention to restore England to Roman authority, Reginald Pole was appointed papal legate to England by the Pope. After her husband's death, Margaret acted as regent for her son James V, from 1513-1515. Susan Higginbotham. He was keenly interested in theology, but he was not ordained; he was free to marry if he wished, and propagate a Plantagenet family. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 and Margaret was again appointed as one of her ladies-in-waiting. Posted By Claire on May 27, 2012. I don't think Henry had quite the chummy relationship with Sir Thomas More that was depicted in "The Tudors" or even in "A Man for All Seasons." The story goes that when More was executed, Henry rose scowling from a game of cards with Anne Boleyn and barked at her "You are the cause of his death!" If my head should win him a castle in France, he told his son-in-law in 1525, it should not fail to go.). ), St. Marie's Church in New Bilton, Rugby, England. In the end, he decided, in the words of his friend Erasmus, to be a chaste husband rather than an impure priest.. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. In The Kings Curse (2014) she was ground up by the great fictionalising machine that is Philippa Gregory, and in 2003 she was the subject of a major biography by Hazel Pierce: Margaret Pole: Loyalty, Lineage and Leadership. Either her sons had not made her aware of their dealings, Fitzwilliam concluded, or she was an adept in brazen deceit. The second season of The Spanish Princess premieres on Starz on Sunday, October 11. There are only glimpses of her in these years: my lady Margaret of Clarence. Illustrated statistics ; Map ; Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1 . He was a half-cousin of the first Tudor king, Henry VII; Richard Poles mother was a half-sister of, Reginald Pole, a cardinal and papal diplomat, last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Pole, who went into exile in Europe when accused of conspiracy by Henry VIII. Margaret and Richard Pole had five children, born between about 1492 and 1504: four sons and the youngest a daughter. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. In some versions, the plucky old girl refused to kneel at the block, and the headsman had to pin her down. It was not a bloodbath, but a selective cull, carried through by process of law. * Walter Stafford (about 1539-after 1571 . It is no exaggeration to state that its publication ensured More a stature that no other Englishman of his time enjoyed. Managed projects by translating human insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. [12] In May 1536, Reginald finally and definitively broke with the king. Hilary Mantelwasthe author of nine novels and three collections of short stories in addition to her prize-winning trilogy about Thomas Cromwell. She had a small estate of land, inherited from her husband, but no other income and no prospects. She was by necessity hostile to the Catholic church. Edward was briefly displayed in public at St Paul's Cathedral in 1487 in response to the presentation of the impostor Lambert Simnel as the "Earl of Warwick" to the Irish lords. His work at Bruges and, later, Calais, as well as his continuing duties as undersheriff in London, were clear evidence of his skill and popularity. Wolsey, for all his brilliance and cunning, could not compete with that influence. Execution to take place, no one was give: my Lady Margaret ( see White! 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